Apparatus for calculating and retaining a bound on error during floating-point operations and methods thereof

ABSTRACT

The apparatus and method for calculating and retaining a bound on error during floating-point operations inserts an additional bounding field into the standard floating-point format that records the retained significant bits of the calculation with notification upon insufficient retention. The bounding field, accounting for both rounding and cancellation errors, includes the lost bits D Field and the accumulated rounding error R Field. The D Field states the number of bits in the floating-point representation that are no longer meaningful. The bounds on the represented real value are determined by the truncated floating-point value and the addition of the error determined by the number of lost bits. The true, real value is absolutely contained by these bounds. The allowable loss (optionally programmable) of significant digits provides a fail-safe, real-time notification of loss of significant digits. This allows representation of real numbers accurate to the last digit.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/811,617 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,540,143) that was filed on Nov. 13, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/331,901 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,817,662) filed on Oct. 23, 2016, which claimed the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 62/246,021 filed on Oct. 24, 2015, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/277,137 filed on Jan. 11, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/375,422 filed on Aug. 15, 2016, all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. A related application is PCT/US16/58551 filed on Oct. 24, 2016.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates generally to logic circuits that perform certain floating-point arithmetic operations in a processing device and, more particularly, a bounded floating-point unit that calculates and retain a bound on error introduced through alignment and normalization.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the design of floating-point arithmetic systems for use in a floating-point processing device, it is desirable that results are consistent to achieve conformity in the calculations and solutions to problems even though the problems are solved using different computer systems.

An American national standard has been developed in order to provide a uniform system of rules for governing the implementation of floating-point arithmetic systems. This standard is identified as IEEE Standard No. 754-2008 and international standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 60599:2011, which are both incorporated by reference herein. The standard specifies basic and extended floating-point number formats, arithmetic operations, conversions between integer and floating-point formats, conversions between different floating-point formats, and conversions between basic format floating-point numbers and decimal strings, and the handling of certain floating-point exceptions.

The typical floating-point arithmetic operation may be accomplished using formats of various (usually standard) widths (for example, 32-bit, 64-bit, etc.). Each of these formats utilizes a sign, exponent and fraction field (or significand), where the respective fields occupy predefined portions of the floating-point number. For example, in the case of a 32-bit single precision number the sign field is a single bit occupying the most significant bit position; the exponent field is an 8-bit quantity occupying the next-most significant bit positions; the fraction field occupies the least significant 23-bit positions. Similarly, in the case of a 64-bit double precision number the sign field is a single bit, the exponent field is 11 bits, and the fraction field is 52 bits. Additional formats provide the same information, but with varied field widths, with larger field widths providing the potential for greater accuracy and value range.

After each floating-point result is developed, it must be normalized and then rounded. When the result is normalized, the number of leading zeros in the fraction field is counted. This number is then subtracted from the exponent, and the fraction is shifted left until a “1” resides in the most significant bit position of the fraction field. Certain floating-point answers cannot be normalized because the exponent is already at its lowest possible value and the most significant bit of the fraction field is not a “1.” This is a “subnormal number” with fewer significant digits than a normalized number.

In designing the circuits for performing floating-point arithmetic operations in conformance with this standard, it is necessary and desirable to incorporate certain additional indicator bits into the floating-point hardware operations. These indicator bits are injected into the fraction field of the floating-point number and are used by the arithmetic control circuit to indicate when certain conditions exist in the floating-point operation. In non-subnormal (normalized) numbers, for example, an “implicit” bit (generally referred to as the “hidden bit”) is created by the arithmetic control circuit when the exponent of the floating-point number has a nonzero value. This “hidden bit” is not represented in the storage format but is assumed. It is inserted at the time a floating-point number is loaded into the arithmetic registers and occupies the most significant bit position of the fraction field of the number. During addition, a single “guard” bit is set by the floating-point control circuit during certain arithmetic operations, as an indicator of the loss of significant bits of the floating-point number being processed. The guard bit is set when a right shift, required for normalization, shifts a bit from the right side of the fraction field capacity. The guard bit occupies a portion of the fraction field. Finally, a “sticky” bit is set in certain floating-point arithmetic operations as an indicator that the floating-point number has lost some significant bits.

These extra bits in the fraction field are used exclusively for rounding operations, after the result has been normalized. The guard bit is treated as if it is a part of the fraction and is shifted with the rest of the fraction during normalization and exponent alignment and is utilized by the arithmetic. The sticky bit is not shifted with the fraction but is utilized by the arithmetic. It acts as a “catcher” for bits shifted off the right of the fraction; when a 1 is shifted off the right side of the fraction, the sticky bit will remain a 1 until normalization and rounding are finished.

There are typically four modes of rounding, as follows: (1.) round to nearest; (2.) round to positive infinity; (3.) round to negative infinity; and (4.) round to zero. Each of these may introduce error into the calculation.

Though this standard is widely used and is useful for many operations, this standard defines “precision” as the maximum number of digits available for the significand of the real number representation and does not define precision as the number of correct digits in a real number representation. Neither does this standard provide for the calculation and storage of error information and therefore permits propagation of error including the potential loss of all significant bits. These problems in the current standard can lead to substantial accumulated rounding error and catastrophic cancellation error. Cancellation occurs when closely similar values are subtracted, and it injects significant error without a corresponding indication of this error in the result.

Various authors have contributed to the standard or noted these significant problems, but the problem persists.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,037,701 to Sierra issued in 1962 establishes the basis for hardware to perform fixed word length floating-point arithmetic including normalization, rounding, and zero conversion. The Sierra patent describes the potential for introducing error in floating-point operations including total loss of useful information. No method is described for calculating or retaining error information of any type.

In 2010, in his book Handbook of Floating-Point Arithmetic, Muller et al. describe the state-of-the-art of the application of floating-point including the ISO/IEC/IEEE 60599:2011 and describe error problems. They state, “Sometimes, even with a correctly implemented floating-point arithmetic, the result of a computation is far from what could be expected.”

In 1991, David Goldberg, in “What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic,” provides a detailed description and mathematical analysis of floating-point error. This paper describes rounding error (p. 6), relative error and error units in the last place (Ulps) (p. 8), the use of guard digits (p. 9), and cancellation error types, both catastrophic and benign (p. 10). Recommended error mitigation is limited to extending precision (again defined as digits available for real number representation) requiring additional storage space for computational results (p. 17) and numerical error analysis of a given problem to determine the method of computation to minimize and limit the error introduced by the computation.

Thus, many authors have acknowledged the existence of these types of errors in the current standard for floating-point operations. In response, numerous attempts to address these significant problems have been made.

In 2012 in the article “Floating-Point Numbers with Error Estimates,” Glauco Masotti describes adding a data structure to standard floating-point format to contain statistical estimates of the accumulated floating-point error. This technique increases required storage space, adds computation time, and does not provide bounds for the error.

In 2008 in “The Pitfalls of Verifying Floating-Point Computations,” David Monniaux presents the limitations on static program analysis to determine the expected error generated by code to perform a sequence of floating-point operations. However, static error analysis is prone to error and relies on and assumes a lengthy and expensive algorithm error analysis to ensure that the algorithm will provide sufficiently accurate results.

In summary, the current state-of-the-art does not retain error information within the associated floating-point data structure. At present, any retention of bounds on floating-point error requires significantly more memory space and computation time (or correspondingly more hardware) to perform error interval computations.

Further, in the current standard, when two values are compared by subtraction in which cancellation occurs, program flow decisions based on this erroneous comparison can result in an incorrect decision. No validity of the resulting comparison is provided by the standard conventions.

Importantly, the standard provides no indication when the result of a computation no longer provides a sufficient number of significant digits.

Additionally, conversion from external to internal format or conversion between floating-point formats may inject an error in the initial representation of a real number without recording that error.

Further, floating-point values are converted to external representation without indication of loss of significant bits even if no significant bits remain in the output data.

Notably, current technology does not permit allowing programmers to specify the number of required retained significant digits.

Thus, the various methods provided by the current art for floating-point error mitigation have unresolved problems. Accordingly, there is a need for an apparatus and method for calculating and retaining a bound on error during floating-point operations.

The discussion above is merely provided for general background information and is not intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a bounded floating-point processing device, to a processing system including a bounded floating-point processing device, and to associated methods for calculating and retaining a bound on error during floating-point operations by the insertion of an additional bounding field into the ANSI/IEEE 754-2008 standard floating-point arithmetic format. This bound B Field has two major parts, the lost bits field (D Field) and the accumulated rounding error field (N Field). The N Field is subsequently divided into the rounding bits field (R Field) and the rounding error count field (C Field), representing the sum of the carries from the sum of the R Fields. The lost bits D Field is the number of bits in the floating-point representation that are no longer significant. The bounds on the real value represented are determined from the truncated (round to zero) floating-point value (first bound) and the addition of the error determined by the number of lost bits (second bound). By a special command this lost bits D Field is compared to the unacceptable loss of significant bits to provide a fail-safe, real-time notification of the loss of significant bits. This field may be used to limit the external representation of represented real value to the actual significant digits.

The C Field of the floating-point format of the present invention, which is the sum of the carries from the sum of the R Fields. (The term “field” refers to either a portion of a register or the value of that portion of structure register, unless otherwise contextually defined.) When the logarithm of the extension count exceeds the current lost bits, one is added to the lost bits and the C Field is set to zero. However, when the logarithm of the extension count exceeds the capacity of the C Field, the carry out of the C Field is added to the lost bits. The R Field is the sum of the rounded most significant bits of the rounding error, lost during truncation.

The apparatus and method of the current invention can be used in conjunction with the apparatus and method implementing the current floating-point standard. Conversion between the inventive format and the current format can be accomplished when needed; therefore, existing software that is dependent upon the current floating-point standard need not be discarded. The new bounding field is inserted into the conventional floating-point standard to provide accumulated information for the bound of the error that delimits the real number represented.

Current standards for floating-point have no means of measuring and/or recording floating-point rounding and cancellation error. The present invention provides an apparatus and method that classifies (as acceptable or as not acceptable) the accumulated loss of significant bits resulting from a floating-point operation. This is accomplished by comparing the loss of significant bits of the current operation against the unacceptable limit of the loss of significant bits. The unacceptable limits for different widths of floating-point numbers can be provided in two ways, hardware or programmable. The hardware provides a default value. For example, in single precision (32-bit), the default value could require 3 significant decimal digits, which necessitates that the significand retains 10 significant bits. In a 64-bit double precision example, the default value could require 6 significant decimal digits, which necessitates that the significand retains 20 significant bits. The second way to provide the unacceptable limit is by a special floating-point instruction that sets the limit on the error bound for the specified precision. The current invention provides a means of measuring, accumulating, recording, and reporting these errors, as well as allowing the programmer to assert an exception to provide real-time notification of an unacceptable amount of error.

This is an advantage over the current technology that does not permit any control on the allowable error. The current invention not only detects the loss of significant bits, but optionally allows the number of required retained significant digits to be specified with an error limit set/check command.

When the loss of significant bits is greater than or equal to the unacceptable limit, an inventive signaling NaN that signals insufficient significant bits, termed “sNaN(isb),” is generated indicating that the result does not have the required number of significant bits. This contrasts with the current technology, which does not provide an indication when the result of a computation no longer provides a sufficient number of significant bits.

In contrast to the conventional floating-point standard, which does not retain error information within the associated floating-point data structure, the present invention provides error information in the lost bits D Field within the floating-point data structure. Two bounds are provided. The first bound is the real number represented by the exponent and the truncated significand, and the second bound is determined by adding to the first bound a maximum error value represented by the lost bits D Field.

Using current technology, error can be reduced by increasing computation time and/or memory space. The present invention provides this error information within the inventive data structure with little impact on space and performance.

In the standard floating-point implementation cancellation injects significant error without a corresponding indication in the result. In contrast, the present invention accounts for cancellation error in the lost bits D Field.

The instant invention provides a method of recording the error injected by the conversion of an external representation to the inventive internal representation (or of recording the error in conversion between internal representations).

Currently floating-point values are converted to external representation without indication of loss of significant digits even when no significant bits exist. In contrast, the current invention provides the inventive quiet Not-a-Number, qNaN(isb), when insufficient significant bits remain when converting to external representation; the external representation displays indicia (such as qNaN(isb)) that indicates to the viewer that insufficient significant bits remain. And, in the current invention, when sufficient significance is retained, it is then possible to provide an external representation of the real number represented that is absolutely accurate to the last digit.

In the current art, static error analysis requires significant mathematical analysis and cannot determine actual error in real time. This work must be done by highly skilled mathematician programmers. Therefore, error analysis is only used for critical projects because of the greatly increased cost and time required. In contrast, the present invention provides error computation in real time with, at most, a small increase in computation time and a small increase in the required memory or a decrease in the maximum number of bits available for the significand.

The dynamic error analysis by means of error injection, used in the current technology, has similar problems requiring multiple executions of algorithms that require floating point. Such techniques would be of little use when using adaptive algorithms or when error information is required in real time. The present invention eliminates the need for multiple executions and provides error information in real time but allows for stress testing of algorithms by operating the application software with successively larger precision requirements to determine failure points and the available precision at that failure point.

Adding additional storage to retain statistical information on error, which is a commonly proposed solution, significantly increases computation time and required storage. The present invention makes a slight increase in the required memory space or a slight decrease in the maximum number of bits available for the significand for real number representation in order to accommodate space for error information.

Though interval arithmetic provides a means of computing bounds for floating-point computations, it requires greatly increased computation time and at least twice as much storage. In contrast, the present apparatus for calculating and retaining a bound computes both the first and second bounds on the real number represented and does this within the execution of a single instruction. The computed bounds are failsafe.

An object of the present invention is to bound floating-point error when performing certain floating-point arithmetic operations in a floating-point processing device.

These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the attached drawings and from the detailed description of the preferred embodiments which follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The preferred embodiments of the invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings, provided to illustrate and not to limit the invention, where like designations denote like elements.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of the inventive bounded floating-point format showing the new bound B Field of the present invention which is composed of the lost bits D Field and the N Field, where the N Field is, in turn, composed of the C Field and the R Field.

FIGS. 2A-2B is a diagrammatic example of the circuit and control logic of the floating-point operation showing the inventive error bounding of an exemplary addition or subtraction operation.

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram for the calculation of the exponent that provides information utilized in the inventive bound logic of FIGS. 2A, 4, and 7.

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram for the inventive dominant bound logic and control of the error bounding of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of the format of the post normalization result derived from FIG. 7 that will contribute to the determination of the inventive bound B Field.

FIGS. 6A-6B is a circuit diagram of the inventive main bound computation circuit and control logic of the present invention that provides information used in FIG. 2B and FIG. 8.

FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of the normalization circuit and control logic that produces a normalized result that will contribute to the determination of the inventive bound B Field and is used in FIGS. 2B, 6A, and 6B.

FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of the inventive exception circuit and control logic that determines if the error boundary has been exceeded, which generates the inventive sNaN(isb) and also determines if the result is significantly zero.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the bounded floating-point system 900.

Like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Shown throughout the figures, the present invention is directed toward a bounded floating-point system 900 including a bounded floating-point processing unit (BFPU) 950 and method for calculating and retaining a bound on error during floating-point operations, an example of which is shown generally as reference number 200 (FIGS. 2A-2B). In contrast to the standard floating-point implementation that introduces error without notification or warning, the present bounded floating-point format 100 provides a new error bound B Field 52 (FIG. 1) that identifies and records a bound on the error and enables detection and notification of loss of significant bits via an inventive error limit set/check command 901 that generates sNaN(isb) 262 signal, when insufficient significant bits remain.

Using the current floating-point standard, error can be introduced during alignment or normalization. In the inventive apparatus and method, normalization during subtract and other floating-point operations can still result in the loss of significant bits, such as through cancellation. When this loss is significant in the current computation, this loss is recorded in the bound on the number of lost significant bits, which is termed the “result bound lost bits D” 54F (FIG. 8) stored in the lost bits field, the D Field 54.

The circuitry for determining loss of significant bits may contain a programmable bound limit memory circuit 802 to allow user determination of the number of significant bits required by the user resulting from a floating-point calculation. The bound limit memory circuit 802 contains a default value for each precision floating-point width and can be programmed by the user.

When the inventive bounded floating-point format 100 is implemented, it can be used concurrently with implementations of the current floating-point standard. Therefore, existing software that is dependent upon the current floating-point standard need not be discarded.

The new bound B Field 52 is added to the conventional floating-point standard to provide accumulated information on the bound of error that delimits the real number represented.

FIG. 1 provides a virtual bitwise layout of the bounded floating-point format 100 for word width of width k 101 showing the inventive bound B Field 52 (having a width b 103), which is composed of two parts, the lost bits D Field 54 (having a width d 105) and the N Field 55 (having a width n 106), as well as the standard floating-point format fields. The N Field 55 is further composed of two fields, the C Field 56 (having a width c 107) and the R Field 57 (having a width r 108). The standard fields include the sign bit field, which is the S Field 50, the exponent E Field 51 (having a width e 102), and the significand field, which is the T Field 53 (having a width t 104).

This bound B Field 52 is a new field added to the floating-point standard format to provide accumulated information on the bound of the represented real number. The bound B Field 52 accounts for both rounding and cancellation errors. This bound B Field 52 keeps track of the loss of significant bits resulting from all previous operations and the current operation. Recording this loss of significant bits then allows a determination to be made as to whether insufficient significant bits have been retained. When an error limit set/check command 901 is issued and a sufficient loss of significant bits occurs, this is signaled to the main processing unit 910 by the sNaN(isb) exception 950 signal. (FIG. 8). The exception and result multiplexer 270 selects between the calculated result 260 and the bounded floating-point representation of zero 261 as determined by the zero-selection control signal 860 (FIG. 8). The bounded floating-point representation of zero 261 is identical to the standard representation where all fields S 50, E 51, and T 53 are set to zero, but the bound field B 52 is also set to zero. The exception and result multiplexer 270 provides the bounded floating-point result 280 stored in the final result register 285.

The lost bits D Field 54 (FIG. 1) contains the representation of the number of bits in the floating-point representation that are no longer significant.

The N Field 55 is the accumulation of the rounding errors that occur from alignment and normalization.

The C Field 56 contains the representation of the sum of the carries out of the R Field 57R (FIG. 5), which like the R Field 57 has a width r 108, where the “R” designates the result after normalization. The logical OR of the bits of the extended rounding error X Field 60R, of width x 502, which is used instead of the conventional carry and guard bits. The count power circuit 680 is the inventive circuit that determines the lost bits power 61 for the dominant bound lost bits D 54C as determined by the count field 56 selected by the operation width control 801. When the value that would be developed by this circuit is greater in width than the width of the C field 56, c 107, the value selected is the maximum value that can be represented by the C field. When the floor of the base 2 logarithm of the extension count exceeds the current lost bits, one is added to the lost bits and the C Field is set to zero. However, when the logarithm of the extension count exceeds the capacity of the C Field, the carry out of the C Field is added to the lost bits. (FIG. 6).

The R Field 57 contains the sum of the current R 57 and the resulting rounding bits R 57R (FIG. 5), which is the most significant r 108 bits lost due to truncation of the normalized result 720. The apparatus and method for calculating and retaining a bound on error during floating-point operations is shown in the exemplary bounded floating-point addition/subtraction circuit 200 shown on the diagram of FIG. 2A and continuing onto FIG. 2B. This diagram provides the circuit and control logic for an exemplary floating-point addition or subtraction operation showing the inventive bounding of the floating-point error (normally caused by alignment and normalization) of the present invention.

The bounded floating-point system 900 includes a processing device with a plurality of registers 990 (FIG. 9), a main processing unit 910, and a bounded floating-point unit (BFPU) 950 that is communicably coupled to the main processing unit 910. The main processing unit 910 executes internal instructions and outputs at least two types of BFPU instructions, a bounded floating-point arithmetic instruction 930, or an error limit set/check command 910 to the BFPU 950. The inventive BFPU 950 is a processing component, which may be a separate component or may be integrated with a physical conventional floating-point component sharing registers and logical circuits with the conventional floating-point unit or the integrated floating-point unit may be integrated with a conventional main processing unit 910 sharing registers 990 and logical circuits with the conventional main processing unit 910. The main processing unit executes internal instructions accessing data 201, 202, 280 from, and to, a plurality of registers 990 (where a register may be a hardware register, a location in a register file, or a memory location that may be an integral part of the main processing unit 910) and outputs or executes floating-point or bounded floating-point commands 901, 930 and outputs or utilizes the data, the first operand 201, the second operand 202, the maximum lost bits 54L, and the operation width control 902. The first type is a bounded floating-point arithmetic instruction 930, which instructs the BFPU 950 on the type of arithmetic operation to be performed and provides the two input operands 201, 202. The second type is a bound limit set/check command 901, which is to set a programmed bound limit in the bound limit memory 810 and to trigger an sNaN(isb) exception 940 if the specified first operand 201 does not have the required significant digits.

The arithmetic operation is performed on two input operands 201, 202, which in the example of FIGS. 2A, 2B, are stored in the first operand conglomerate register 210 and the second operand conglomerate register 220, respectively. Then the BFPU 950 generates a result value, the bounded floating-point result 280, from executing the FPU instructions on the bounded floating-point number inputs 201, 202. This bounded floating-point result 280 includes an error bound value obtained from the accumulated cancellation error and the accumulated rounding error. The BFPU 950 also writes the bounded floating-point result 280 to a main processing unit 910 solution register of the plurality of registers 990, thereby storing the results from the operation of the bounded floating-point unit 950.

The first operand conglomerate register 210 of FIG. 2A is the register (where a register may be a hardware register, a location in a register file, or a memory location) with registers that contain the corresponding fields of the first operand 201 in the bounded floating-point format 100. The first operand sign bit register 1A is the conventional single bit register that holds the first operand register 201 sign bit. The first operand exponent register 2A is the conventional register that holds the first operand 201 exponent. The first operand bound register 3A is the inventive conglomerate register that holds the first operand 201 bound. Though the first operand significand register 4A exists in conventional registers and holds the first operand 201 significand, it is changed in the invention to hold a foreshortened first operand 201 significand; thus allowing for the new first operand bound register 3A. Registers utilized by the bounded floating-point unit 950 may be integrated into the bounded floating-point unit 950, or may be located in other nearby processing structures; for example, they may be part of, and integrated into, a conventional floating-point unit, or may be part of, and integrated into, the main processing unit 910.

The first operand 201 of FIG. 2A is the bounded floating-point first addend for an addition operation or is the minuend for a subtraction operation. The first operand 201 includes a first operand sign S value 50A, a first operand exponent E value 51A, a first operand bound B value 52A, and the first operand significand T value 53A.

The second operand conglomerate register operand 220 of FIG. 2A is the register (where a register may be a hardware register, a location in a register file, or a memory location) with registers that contain the corresponding fields of the second operand 202 in the bounded floating-point format 100. The second operand sign bit register is the conventional single bit register that holds the second operand 202 sign bit. The second operand exponent register is the conventional register that holds the second operand 202 exponent. The second operand bound register is the inventive conglomerate register that holds the second operand 202 bound. The second operand significand register is the conventional register that holds the second operand 202 significand foreshortened to allow for the new second operand bound register 3B.

The second operand 202 is the bounded floating-point second addend for an addition operation or is the subtrahend for a subtraction operation. The second operand 202 includes a second operand sign bit S 50B, a second operand exponent 51B, a second operand bound B 52B, and the second operand significand T 53B.

Many circuits within this bounded floating-point addition/subtraction circuit 200 of FIGS. 2A-2B are conventional circuits (which are generally denoted by dashed lines), though some results from these conventional circuits are utilized in the inventive apparatus and method.

Turning to the exponent circuit 300 of FIGS. 2A, 3, the first operand exponent 51A with the first operand significand 53A (coming from the first operand 201 of FIG. 2A) and the second operand exponent 51B with the second operand significand 53B (coming from the second operand 202 of FIG. 2A) are compared in the value comparator 301 to determine the largest value control 302. The largest value control 302 is the control signal that controls the first and second significand swap multiplexers 230, 231 (FIG. 2A), controls the largest and smallest exponent selection multiplexers 310, 311, and controls the inventive first and second bound swap multiplexers 401, 402 (FIG. 4).

Additionally, as seen on FIG. 3, the largest value control 302 is the control signal identifying the larger of the first operand exponent 51A or the second operand exponent 51B and controls the largest exponent selection multiplexer 310. The largest exponent selection multiplexer 310 selects the largest exponent 51D from the first operand exponent 51A and the second operand exponent 51B controlled by the largest exponent control 302. The smallest exponent selection multiplexer 311 is also controlled by the largest value control 302 and selects the smallest exponent 51E from the first operand exponent 51A and the second operand exponent 51B. The exponent difference 321 is calculated by the exponent subtractor 320 that subtracts the smallest exponent 51E from the largest exponent 51D. The exponent difference 321 controls the alignment shifter 240 (FIG. 2A) and in this invention is used unconventionally by the lost bits subtractor 410 by subtracting the exponent difference 321 from the count portion of the smallest operand bound B 52D to produce the adjusted bound of the operand with smallest exponent B 52F (FIG. 4).

Additionally, as seen on FIG. 2A, the largest exponent control 302 provides control for the first and second significand swap multiplexers 230, 231 (FIG. 2A). The first significand swap multiplexer 230 selects from either the first operand significand T 53A or the second operand significand T 53B and produces the significand T of the operand with the smallest value E 53D. Similarly, the second significand swap multiplexer 231 selects the significand T of the operand with the largest value E 53E from either the first or second operand significands T 53A, 53B.

The alignment shifter 240 (FIG. 2A) shifts the significand T of the operand with the smallest value E 53D to the right by the number of bits determined by the exponent difference 321 (coming from the exponent circuit 300, FIG. 3) to produce the aligned significand 241 (where the aligned significand 241 is the aligned significand T of the operand with the smallest exponent E). Only one bits (not zero bits) shifted out of the alignment shifter 240 causing alignment shift loss 242 are inserted into the least significant bit of the aligned significand 241 ensuring that a significand excess 741 will be detected.

The significand adder 250 (FIG. 2A) calculates the sum or difference 251 of the aligned significand 241 and the significand T of the operand with the largest value E 53E. The virtual width v 501 (FIG. 5) of the significand adder is the width of the resulting sum or difference taking into account possible need for multiple additions necessary to accommodate extended bounded floating-point formats. This is an exemplary circuit that represents a conventional arithmetic circuit that calculates arithmetic functions such as multiply, divide, square root, or other arithmetic functions.

FIG. 5 provides a detail of the format 500 of the post normalization result, which is the format of the bounded floating-point significand adder result 720 after normalization. This format includes: (1.) the standard hidden bit H Field 510, the left justified hidden bit H Field 510 after normalization; (2.) the resulting normalized significand T 53R (t 104 bits in width), the resulting significand after normalization; (3.) the resulting rounding bits R Field 57R of width r 108 holding the most significant bits of the resulting significand that are lost due to truncation; and (4.) the extended rounding error X Field 60R of width x 502 containing the bits of the result lost due to truncation, which is to the right of the R Field 57R in the format.

The calculated sum or difference 251 (FIG. 2A) is utilized in the normalization circuit 700 of FIG. 2B, which is expanded on FIG. 7. Turning to the details of the normalization circuit 700 of FIG. 7, the sum or difference 251 is used by the right shifter 703 or left shifter 712 to arrive at the normalized result 720. The first control for this determination is the right shift control 702 controlling the right shifter 703, which is determined by the carry detection 701. The right shifter 703, when indicated by the right shift control 702, shifts the sum or difference 251 right one bit producing the right shift result 704. The right shift loss circuit 705 is a one bit shifted out of the right shift result 704. When this occurs, a one bit is inserted into the least significant bit of the right shift result 704 ensuring that a significand excess 741 will be detected. This right shift result 704 is utilized in the left shifter 712. When the right shift control 702 is not asserted, the right shift result 704 is equal to the sum or difference 251.

Also, in FIG. 7, the sum or difference 251 is used in the most significant zeros counter 710, which is another control. The zeros counter 710 counts the most significant zeros of the sum or difference 251, which produces the number of leading zeros 711 necessary to normalize the result. The number of leading zeros 711 controls the left shifter 712 by shifting the right shift result 704 left producing the normalized result 720 comprised of the truncated resulting significand T 53C, the normalized rounding error R 57A, and the normalized extension X 60A. If the most significant zeros counter 710 determines that there are no leading zeros, the normalized result 720 is equal to the right shift result 704. If there is no right or left shift, the value is merely passed through (which occurs if there is no carry and if there are no significant zeros). The number of leading zeros 711 is also used in the exponent normalization adder 730 and is further used in the inventive main bound circuit 600 of FIG. 2B, which is expanded on FIG. 6.

Still on FIG. 7, the largest exponent 51D (from FIG. 3) is adjusted for normalization by the exponent normalization adder 730 using the right shift control 702 and the number of leading zeros 711.

The normalized extension X 60A is derived from the X Field 60R of the post normalization result format 500 (FIG. 5) of the normalized result 720.

The excess significand detector circuit 740 produces the logical OR of all bits of the normalized extension X 60A producing the significand excess 741. The significand excess 741 is utilized by the rounding error adder 640 (FIG. 6B) of the inventive main bound circuit 600 (FIGS. 2B, 6A-6B).

The exponent normalization adder 730 (FIG. 7) adds the right shift control 702, or subtracts the number of leading zeros 711, to or from the largest exponent 51D to produce the result exponent 51C, which is the exponent in the inventive calculated result 260 of FIG. 2B.

The sign circuit 290 of FIG. 2B operates in the conventional manner, determining the result sign bit S 50C from the operand sign bit S 50A, the second operand sign bit S 50B, and the right shift control 702.

Turning to the exemplary diagram 200 of the circuit and control logic of the inventive apparatus and method of FIG. 2B, the calculated result 260 is created from the concatenation of the result sign bit S 50C, the result exponent 51C of FIG. 7, the result bound B 52C of FIG. 6A, and the truncated resulting significand T 53C of FIG. 7.

Turning to the exemplary diagram 200 of the circuit and control logic of the inventive apparatus and method of FIG. 2A, the first operand bound B 52A of FIG. 2A, obtained from the first operand bound register 3A, the second operand bound B 52B of FIG. 2A, obtained from the second operand bound register 3B the largest value control 302 of FIG. 3, and the exponent difference 321 of FIG. 3 are used in the dominant bound circuit 400 of FIG. 2A, which is expanded in FIG. 4.

In an arithmetic operation, the operand with the least number of significant digits determines (“dominates”) the number of significant digits of the result. When, after being aligned, the number of significant bits in one operand is less than the significant bits in the other operand, the significant bits of the operand with fewer significant bits governs or dominates the base significant bits of the result. The dominant bound circuit 400 selects the bound from the initial operands, first operand bound B 52A and the second operand bound B 52B, to determine the bound with the most influence on the bound of the result prior to accounting for cancellation and rounding.

As seen in the inventive dominant bound circuit 400 of FIG. 4, the bounds of both operands (first and second operand bounds B 52A, 52B of FIG. 2A) are compared—with one bound adjusted before comparison. The dominant bound circuit 400 determines the dominant bound B 5211. The dominant bound B 5211 is the larger of (1.) the adjusted bound B of the smallest operand 52F and (2.) the bound of the operand with the largest exponent (largest operand bound B 52E). This dominant bound B 5211 is the best-case bound of the operand when there is no rounding or cancellation. In an arithmetic operation, the operand with the least number of significant bits after exponent alignment dominates the initial determination of the bound of the result, because the dominant bound B 5211 (from the bounds B 52F or 52E, where 52F is the concatenation of the clamped lost bits D 54G and the smallest operand bound accumulated rounding error N 55A) with the largest number of lost bits is this best-case bound.

Turning to the details of FIG. 4, the first bound swap multiplexer 401, controlled by the largest value control 302 (from FIG. 3), selects from either the content of the register holding the first operand bound B 52A or the register holding the second operand bound B 52B (both from FIG. 2A), resulting in the smallest operand bound 52D to be stored in a register. The second bound swap multiplexer 402, which is also controlled by the largest value control 302, selects from either the content of the second operand bound register B 52B or content of the first operand bound register B 52A, which results in the largest operand bound B 52E.

The lost bits subtractor 410 is a circuit that subtracts the exponent difference 321 (FIG. 3) from the smallest exponent operand bound lost bits D 54A, the lost bits portion of the smallest operand bound B 52D, producing the adjusted smallest exponent operand bound lost bits D 54B. The adjusted smallest operand bound lost bits D 54B is concatenated with the smallest exponent operand bound accumulated rounding error N 55A to form the adjusted bound B of the smallest operand B 52F. The subtraction may produce a negative adjusted smallest operand bound lost bits D 54B indicating that there are no significant digits lost during alignment at the alignment shifter 240 (FIG. 2A); this case is dealt with via the bound clamp 420. The bound clamp 420 prohibits the adjusted bound B of the smallest operand B 52F from underflowing to less than zero. This limits the clamped bound B 52G to zero or greater. Zero indicates that all the bits of this adjusted operand are significant.

The bound comparator 430 compares the largest operand bound B 52E to the clamped bound B 52G to determine the dominant bound selection control 431. This dominant bound selection control 431 is asserted when the largest operand bound B 52E is greater than the clamped bound B 52G. The dominant bound selection control 431 is used by the dominant bound multiplexer 440 that selects the dominant bound B 5211 from either the largest operand bound B 52E or the clamped bound B 52G and is utilized in the main bound circuit 600 of FIG. 6A.

Turning now to FIG. 6A, the inventive aggregate main bound circuit 600 determines the result bound B 52C of the calculated result 260 (FIG. 2B) of the current operation. The inputs for this are (1.) the dominant bound B 5211 of FIG. 4, (2.) the number of leading zeros 711 (the number of most significant zeros, from FIG. 7), and (3.) the carry adjusted bound B 52M of FIG. 6B. The result bound B 52C is utilized by the calculated result 260 of FIG. 2B and the determination of the result bound lost bits D 54F of FIG. 8.

In this cancellation path, when shifting right, significant bits may be lost. These lost significant bits must be added to the dominant bound lost bits D 54C. The dominant bound lost bits D 54C is the lost bits 54 of the dominant bound B 5211. This dominant bound lost bits D 54C is used in the lost bits adder 610, which adds the number of leading zeros 711 (from FIG. 7) to the dominant bound lost bits D 54C when the dominant bound lost bits D 54C are zero indicating that the operand values were precise, resulting in the adjusted lost bits D 54D. The adjusted lost bits D 54D is limited to the significand capacity 805 by the first maximum lost bits detector 617 and the first lost bits selector 615 to produce the resulting lost bits D 5411.

The first maximum lost bits detector 616 compares the adjusted lost bits D 54D against the significand capacity 805 to determine the first maximum lost bits 617 that asserts that the adjusted lost bits D 54D is greater than the significand capacity 805 to control the first lost bits selector 615.

The first lost bits selector 615 sets the resulting lost bits D 5411 to either the adjusted lost bits D 54D or the significand capacity 805 depending on the first maximum lost bits 617 clamping the first lost bits selector 615 to no more than the significand capacity 805.

The resulting lost bits D 5411 is concatenated with the dominant bound accumulated rounding error N 55B to create the cancellation adjusted bound B 52J. The dominant bound accumulated rounding error N 55B is the accumulated rounding error of the dominant bound B 5211.

Turning to FIG. 6B, the rounding error adder 640 adds the significand excess 741 and the normalized rounding error R 57A to the dominant bound B 5211 yielding the rounding error sum B 52K.

The count comparator 650 asserts the count overflow 651 when the updated accumulated rounding error extension count C 54K is equal to the lost bits power 61. When the lost bits power 61 is equal to −1 (see count power circuit 680), the count overflow 651 is not asserted. The updated accumulated rounding error extension count C 54K is the extension count 56 C field of the accumulated rounding error N field of the rounding error sum 52K. The dominant bound lost bits D 54C and the count overflow 651 are utilized by the lost bits incrementer 660 and the count power circuit 680.

The lost bits incrementer 660 adds one to the dominant bound lost bits D 54C when the count overflow 651 is asserted producing the incremented lost bits D 54E. The incremented lost bits D 54E is limited to the significand capacity 805 by the second maximum lost bits detector 661 and the second lost bits selector 665 to produce the clamped incremented lost bits D 54J.

The second maximum lost bits detector 661 compares the incremented lost bits D 54E against the significand capacity 805 to determine the second maximum lost bits 662 that asserts that the incremented lost bits D 54E is greater than or equal to the significand capacity 805 to control the second lost bits selector 665.

The second lost bits selector 665 sets the clamped incremented lost bits D 54J to either the incremented lost bits D 54E or the significand capacity 805 depending on the second maximum lost bits 662 clamping the clamped incremented lost bits D 54J to no more than the significand capacity 805.

The lost bits adjusted bound B 52L is the bound comprised of the concatenation of the clamped incremented lost bits D 54J, an extension count C having a value of zero, and the updated accumulated rounding error rounding bits N 57B.

The rounding error sum B 52K is calculated by the rounding error adder 640 by adding the significand excess 741 and the normalized rounding error R 57A to the dominant bound B 5211.

The adjusted bound multiplexer 670 is the inventive circuit that selects either the lost bits adjusted bound B 52L when the count overflow 651 is asserted, or selects the rounding error sum B 52K to produce the carry adjusted bound B 52M utilized by the result bound multiplexer 630 of FIG. 6A.

The cancellation detector circuit 620 (FIG. 6A) is the inventive circuit that asserts cancellation control 621 when there is cancellation by determining that the number of leading zeros 711 is greater than one. This condition would be false, for instance, during an add operation with like signs. This condition is true when cancellation has occurred during a subtract or other operation in which cancellation may occur.

The result bound multiplexer 630 (FIG. 6A) in the inventive circuit that selects either the cancellation adjusted bound B 52J or the carry adjusted bound B 52M of FIG. 6B depending on the cancellation control 621. The result is the result bound B 52C to be included in the final result of the current operation (the calculated result 260 of FIG. 2B).

Referring now to the inventive composite exception circuit 800 of FIG. 8, the exception circuit 800 provides two inventive circuits, the zero-selection control signal 860, and one that asserts the sNaN(isb) exception 940. The selection of the bounded floating-point representation of zero 261 (FIG. 2B) is selected by the assertion of the zero-selection control signal 860. The zero-selection control signal 860 is determined from the significand capacity 805, the dominant bound lost bits D 54C (FIG. 6A), the number of leading zeros 711 (FIG. 7), and the bound limit 54M.

The circuit for significantly zero detection 861 determines the zero-selection control signal 860 that is asserted when both the significant leading zero detected 831 is asserted and significant digits 871 is asserted. The significant zeros detector 830 asserts the significant leading zero detected 831 when the number of leading zeros 711 (FIG. 7) is greater than or equal to the available significant bits 841. The significant bits subtractor 840 provides the available significant bits 841 by subtracting the dominant bound lost bits D 54C (FIG. 6A) from the significand capacity 805.

The significant digits detector 870 circuit asserts the significant digit 871 when the dominant bound lost bits D 54C (FIG. 6A) is less than or equal to the bound limit 54M.

Considering the specialized representation of the sNaN(isb) 262 (of FIG. 2B)], if it is determined that the results lost bits D 54F is greater than the unacceptable limit 804, then the bounded floating-point result 280, FIG. 2B, is the specialized representation “sNaN(isb).”

The significand capacity memory circuit 820 is a static memory that provides the size 104 of the T Field 53 plus one for the hidden bit H Field 510 (FIG. 1) for the width of the current operation. Memory is addressed by the operation width control 902. The operation width control 902 is a signal provided by the processor indicating the width of the current bounded floating-point operation in the form of an address. The significand capacity memory circuit 820 produces the significand capacity 805, which is the total number of bits of the significand of the result (including the hidden bit H 510).

The results lost bits D 54F is the lost bits of the result bound B 52C (FIGS. 2B, 6A). The zero-detection comparator 820 asserts the zero-selection control 821 (FIG. 2B) when the total lost bits D 841 is greater than or equal to the significand capacity 805. The inventive total lost bits adder circuit 840 adds the dominant bound lost bits D 54C to the number of leading zeros 711 to produce the total lost bits 841.

The bound limit memory 802 is a memory (static or optionally dynamic) containing the unacceptable limit 804 on the result lost bits D 54F for the current operation format width. This bound limit memory circuit 802, also addressed by the operation width control 801, provides the unacceptable bound limit 804.

In the inventive apparatus and method, initially the bound limit memory circuit 810 contains the default bound limit 54M values, which can be static (default) or programmed (maximum lost bits D 54L).

In the optional dynamic case shown on the left in FIG. 8, the bound limit can be changed from the maximum lost bits D 54L value(s). The maximum lost bits D 54L is a value provided by an error limit set/check command 901. The error limit set/check command 901 is the command from the main processing unit 910 storing the command specified maximum lost bits D 54L for the current instruction width in the bound limit memory 810 and commanding an error limit check that generates an sNaN(sig) 940 by comparing against the lost bits 54F of the specified operand 201. Note that an error limit set/check command against an operand with no lost bits only sets the bound limit memory for succeeding instructions such as subtract operations when testing for equality. This error limit set/check command 901 stores a maximum lost bits 54L value in the bound limit memory circuit 810 in a location determined by the operation width control 902.

In a first example, for single precision (32-bit, width k 101=32) bounded floating-point operation, if the T Field 53 is 16 bits in width (t 104=16) providing 17 significant bits including the hidden bit H 510 (5 significant decimal digits), then the width of the lost bits D Field 54 (d 105) and C Field 56 (c 107), would need to be 3 bits each. This accommodates the standard 8-bit exponent, E Field 51 (width e 102) and allows 1 bit for the R Field 57 making the N Field 55 4 bits (n 106=4). If the desired default significance is 3 decimal digits, then 10 binary bits including the hidden bit H 510 are required. This would mean that the allowable number of results lost bits D Field 54F (width d 105) could not exceed 7, the required value of the acceptable bound limit 804 for the bound limit memory circuit 802 selected by the operation width control 801 for a single precision bounded floating-point operation.

As an additional example, for a double precision (64-bit, width k 101=64) bounded floating-point operation, if the T Field 53 is 36 bits in width (width t 104=36), providing 37 significant bits (11+ significant decimal digits) including the hidden bit H 510, as specified in the significand capacity memory circuit 803 location corresponding to a double precision operation, then the width of the lost bits D Field 54 (d 105) and the C Field 54 (c 107) would need to be 6 bits each allowing 4 bits for the R Field 57 (width r 108=4) thereby making the N Field 55 10 bits (width n 106=10). If the desired default decimal significance is 6 decimal digits, then 20 binary bits, including the hidden bit H 510, are required. This would mean that the allowable number of results lost bits D 54F could not exceed 17, the required value of the acceptable bound limit 804 for the bound limit memory circuit 802 selected by the operation width control 801 for a double precision bounded floating-point operation.

Turning back to FIG. 2B, the exception and result multiplexer 270 selects the bounded floating-point result 280 from either the calculated result 260 or BFP zero 261 based on the zero-selection control. If the zero-selection control 821 is not asserted, then the bounded floating-point result 280 is the calculated floating-point result 260.

Where O is the exponent offset, t is the width of the significand 102, T is the value of the significand 53, S is the sign 0 or 1 50, E is the exponent 51, D is the lost bits 54, and 2^(t) is the hidden bit H 510:

the real value represented by a non-zero normalized bounded floating-point value lies between the following: −1^(S)×((T+2^(T))/2^(t-1))^(E-O) and −1^(S)×((T+2^(t)+2^(D))/2^(t-1))^(E-O)

and for denormalized values (where the value of the E Field is zero and there are no hidden bits), the first and second bounds are the following: −1^(S)×T/2^(t-1) and −1^(S)×(T+2^(D))/2^(t-1)

and the expected value is the average of the first and second bounds.

Error that is introduced into floating-point values when converted from an external decimal representation can be recorded in this inventive floating-point representation. Conversion to external representation of a real number in decimal can be confined to only significant digits or can be expressed as a bounded real number of the form v+/−e where v is the expected real value expressed as a real number (in the format x×10^(p), where x is a decimal value and p is an integer power of 10) and e is the first and second bound of the error expressed as a similarly formatted real number.

In the present inventive apparatus and methods when two values are compared by subtraction in which cancellation occurs two considerations are made, as follows.

In considering equality, when the two operands are equal in their significant bits, the result will truly be zero. As noted above, when the number of lost bits exceeds the number of bits available for the significand (or exceeds the significand capacity 805), the result of the equality comparison operation is set to the bounded floating-point representation of zero.

In considering non-equality, in which there are typically four instances, which are greater-than, less-than, greater-than-or-equal-to, and less-than-or-equal-to, there are only two instances that need to be considered, because equal-to is handled as noted above. In considering greater-than, if the maximum value of the first operand is greater than the maximum value of the second operand, then the first operand is greater than the second operand. Similarly, if the minimum value of the second operand is less than the minimum value of the first operand, then the first operand is greater than the second operand.

In some instances, the sign of the result of the operation does not necessarily reflect the greater-than or less-than condition. This occurs when the minimum value of the first operand is less than the maximum value of the second operand and the maximum value of the second operand is greater than the minimum value of the first operand. In this instance, conventional methods may be relied upon to determine the result. These instances may also require special bounded floating-point instructions.

In the present inventive apparatus and method, conversion of one bounded floating-point width to a larger bounded floating-point width (e.g., 32-bit to 64-bit, etc.) requires conversion of the loss of significant bits D Field 54 from the narrow width to the wider width. This requires that the number of retained significant bits be calculated for the first width and then converted to loss of significant bits for the second width. This may result in the generation of the sNaN(isb) 262 when converting, for instance, from 32-bit to 64-bit bounded floating-point representations, when the newly computed loss of significant bits exceeds the limit value (unacceptable bound limit 804) for the new width. Similarly, when converting from wider to narrower bounded floating-point widths, all the bits may be significant, but bits lost from the X Field 60R (FIG. 5) obtained from the wider representation must be accumulated as the initial loss of significant bits.

The exemplary embodiment depicted herein, describes a bounded floating-point circuit with real-time error bound tracking within or in association with a processor, computer system, or other processing apparatus. In this description, numerous specific details such as processing circuits, processor types, micro-architectural conditions, events, enablement mechanisms, and the like are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention. It will be appreciated, however, by one skilled in the art, that the invention may be practiced without such specific details. Additionally, some well-known structures, circuits, and the like have not been shown in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring embodiments of the present invention.

One embodiment of the present invention may provide a single core or multi-core bounded floating-point processor or may be included in other floating-point or general-purpose processors. The processor may comprise a register file and a permutation (multiplexer) unit coupled to the register file. The register file may have a plurality of register banks and an input to receive a selection signal. The selection signal may select one or more unit widths of a register bank as a data element boundary for read or write operations.

Although the herein described embodiments are described with reference to a processor, other embodiments are applicable to other types of integrated circuits and logic devices. Similar techniques and teachings of embodiments of the present invention can be applied to other types of circuits or semiconductor devices that can benefit from higher pipeline throughput and improved performance. The teachings of embodiments of the present invention are applicable to any processor or machine that performs data manipulations. However, the present invention is not limited to processors or machines that perform specific data width operations and can be applied to any processor and machine in which manipulation or management of data is performed whether such operations are conducted with binary, decimal, or binary encoded decimal data representations.

In addition, though the embodiment presented herein represents an apparatus and associated method for bounded floating-point addition and subtraction, it is presented as an example of bounded floating-point operations. By extension, the same inventive apparatus for calculating and retaining a bound on error during floating-point operations can be used in other floating-point operations such as multiplication, division, square root, multiply-add, and other floating-point functions. Other embodiments may contain ancillary bounded floating-point operations such as conversion between floating-point formats including, but not limited to, external representations of real numbers, standard floating point, bounded floating point, and includes formats of varying width.

Although the examples provided herein describe instruction handling and distribution in the context of execution units and logic circuits, other embodiments of the present invention can be accomplished by way of data or instructions stored on a machine-readable, tangible medium, which, when performed by a machine, cause the machine to perform functions consistent with at least one embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, functions associated with embodiments of the present invention are embodied in machine-executable instructions. The instructions can be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor that is programmed with the instructions to perform the steps of the present invention. Embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a computer program product or software which may include a machine or computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions which may be used to program a computer (or other electronic devices) to perform one or more operations according to embodiments of the present invention. Alternatively, steps of embodiments of the present invention might be performed by specific hardware components that contain fixed-function circuits for performing the steps, or by any combination of programmed computer components and fixed-function hardware components.

Instructions used to program logic to perform embodiments of the invention can be stored within a memory in the system, such as DRAM, cache, flash memory, or other storage. Furthermore, the instructions can be distributed via a network or by way of other computer readable media. Thus a machine-readable medium may include any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer), but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, Compact Disc, Read-Only Memory (CD-ROMs), and magneto-optical disks, Read-Only Memory (ROMs), Random Access Memory (RAM), Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or a tangible, machine-readable storage used in the transmission of information over the Internet or other networks via electrical, optical, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.). Accordingly, the computer-readable medium includes any type of tangible machine-readable medium suitable for storing or transmitting electronic instructions or information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer).

A design may go through various stages, from creation to simulation to fabrication. Data representing a design may represent the design in a number of manners. First, as is useful in simulations, the hardware may be represented using a hardware description language (HDL, e.g. VHDL) or another functional description language. Additionally, a circuit level model with logic and/or transistor gates may be produced. Furthermore, most designs, at some stage, reach a level of data representing the physical placement of various devices in the hardware model. In the case where conventional semiconductor fabrication techniques are used, the data representing the hardware model may be the data specifying the presence or absence of various features on different mask layers for masks used to produce the integrated circuit. In any representation of the design, the data may be stored in any form of a machine-readable medium. A memory or a magnetic or optical storage such as a disc may be the machine-readable medium to store information transmitted via optical or electrical wave modulated or otherwise generated to transmit such information. When an electrical carrier wave indicating or carrying the code or design is transmitted, to the extent that copying, buffering, or re-transmission of the electrical signal is performed, a new copy is made. Thus, a communication provider or a network provider may store on a tangible, machine-readable medium, at least temporarily, an article, such as information encoded into a carrier wave, embodying techniques of embodiments of the present invention.

In modern processors, several different execution units are used to process and execute a variety of code and instructions. Not all instructions are created equal as some are quicker to complete while others can take a number of clock cycles to complete. The faster the throughput of instructions, the better the overall performance of the processor. Thus, it would be advantageous to have as many instructions execute as fast as possible. However, there are certain instructions that have greater complexity and require more in terms of execution time and processor resources. For example, there are floating-point instructions, load/store operations, data moves, etc.

As more computer systems are used in Internet, text, and multimedia applications, additional processor support has been introduced over time. In one embodiment, an instruction set may be associated with one or more computer architectures, including data types, instructions, register architecture, addressing modes, memory architecture, interrupt and exception handling, and external input and output (I/O).

In one embodiment, the instruction set architecture (ISA) may be implemented by one or more micro-architectures, with associated micro-code, which includes processor logic and circuits used to implement one or more instruction sets. Accordingly, processors with different micro-architectures can share at least a portion of a common instruction set. For example, Intel® processors, Intel® Core™ processors, and processors from Advanced Micro Devices implement nearly identical versions of the x86 instruction set (with some extensions that have been added with newer versions), but have different internal designs. Similarly, processors designed by other processor development companies, such as ARM Holdings, Ltd., MIPS, or their licensees or adopters, may share at least a portion a common instruction set, but may include different processor designs. For example, the same register architecture of the ISA may be implemented in different ways in different micro-architectures using new or well-known techniques, including dedicated physical registers, one or more dynamically allocated physical registers using a register renaming mechanism (e.g., the use of a Register Alias Table (RAT), a Reorder Buffer (ROB) and a retirement register file). In one embodiment, registers may include one or more registers, register architectures, register files, or other register sets that may or may not be addressable by a software programmer.

In one embodiment, a floating-point format may include additional fields or formats indicating various fields (number of bits, location of bits, etc.). Some floating-point formats may be further broken down into or defined by data templates (or sub formats). For example, the data templates of a given data format may be defined to have different subsets of the data format's fields and/or defined to have a given field interpreted differently.

Scientific, financial, auto-vectorized general purpose, RMS (recognition, mining, and synthesis), and visual and multimedia applications (e.g., 2D/3D graphics, image processing, video compression/decompression, voice recognition algorithms and audio manipulation) may require the same operation to be performed on a large number of data items. In one embodiment, Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) refers to a type of instruction that causes a processor to perform an operation on multiple data elements. SIMD technology may be used in processors that can logically divide the bits in a register into a number of fixed-sized or variable-sized data elements, each of which represents a separate value. For example, in one embodiment, the bits in a 64-bit register may be organized as a source operand containing four separate 16-bit data elements, each of which represents a separate 16-bit value. This type of data may be referred to as ‘packed’ data type or ‘vector’ data type, and operands of this data type are referred to as packed data operands or vector operands. In one embodiment, a packed data item or vector may be a sequence of packed data elements stored within a single register, and a packed data operand or a vector operand may a source or destination operand of a SIMD instruction (or ‘packed data instruction’ or a ‘vector instruction’). In one embodiment, a SIMD instruction specifies a single vector operation to be performed on two or more source vector operands to generate a destination vector operand (also referred to as a result vector operand) of the same or different size, with the same or different number of data elements, and in the same or different data element order.

In one embodiment, destination and source registers/data are generic terms to represent the source and destination of the corresponding data or operation. In some embodiments, they may be implemented by registers, memory, or other storage areas having other names or functions other than those depicted. For example, in one embodiment, the calculated result 260 may be a temporary storage register or other storage area, whereas the first operand 201 and the second operand 202 may be a first and second source storage register or other storage area, and so forth. In other embodiments, two or more of the operand and result storage areas may correspond to different data storage elements within the same storage area (e.g., a SIMD register). In one embodiment, one of the source registers may also act as a destination register by, for example, writing back the result of an operation performed on the first and second source data to one of the two source registers serving as destination registers.

In one embodiment, a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising all computer-readable media except for a transitory, propagating signal, may contain all or part of the invention described herein.

Glossary

No. Name Description FIG. 1 field refers to either the value of a register or a portion of the value of a register. 100 bounded floating- provides a virtual bitwise layout of the new floating-point format. point format 50 sign bit field is the standard or conventional floating-point sign bit as defined by (S Field) the floating-point standard: Information Technology - Microprocessor Systems - Floating-Point Arithmetic, International Standard, ISO/IEC/IEEE 60569: 2011. Geneva: ISO, 2011, p. 9. 51 exponent field is the conventional biased floating-point exponent. (E Field) 52 bound field is a newly defined field added to the floating-point standard to (B Field) provide accumulated information on the bound of the represented real number. 53 significand field is the conventional floating-point significand of width 1104. It is the (T Field) fraction of the floating-point value less the hidden bit H 510 of width t 104 of the current art. 54 lost bits field is the number of bits in the floating-point representation that are no (D Field) longer significant. This is a subfield of the bound B Field 52 of the bounded floating-point format 100. 55 accumulated is the accumulation of the rounding errors that occur from alignment rounding error field and normalization. This is a subfield of width n 106 of the bound B (N Field) Field 52 of width n 106 of the bounded floating-point format 100. It is composed of the C Field 56 and the R Field 57. 56 rounding error is the sum of the carries from the sum of the R Field 57R from count field (C Field) successive operations. This is a subfield of width c 107 of the N Field 55 of the bounded floating-point format 100. 57 rounding bits field is the sum of the rounded most significant bits of the rounding error, (R Field) lost during truncation plus the resulting bit from the right shift loss circuit 705. This is a subfield of width r 108 of the N Field 55 of the bounded floating-point format 100. 101 bounded floating- is the width of a bounded floating-point number 100. point width 102 width e is the conventional width, e, of the exponent E Field 51. 103 width b is the inventive width, b, of the bound B Field 52. 104 width t is the conventional definition of width, t, of the T Fields 53 (FIG. 1), 53R (FIG. 5) 105 width d is the inventive width, d, of the lost bits D Field 54. 106 width n is the inventive width, n, of the N Field 55. 107 width c is the inventive width, c, of the C Field 56. 108 width r is the inventive width, r, of the R Fields 57 (FIG. 1), 57R (FIG. 5).

FIG. 2A & 2B 200 bounded floating- is the data and control flow circuit diagram of the apparatus for point computing the exemplary bounded floating-point addition and addition/subtraction subtraction operations, which can also be applied to other diagram mathematical operations. 201 first operand data from the first operand conglome.rate register 210 of the registers 990 (where a register may be a hardware register, a location in a register file, or a memory location) with registers conforming to the corresponding fields of the bounded floating-point format 100 for an addition operation and the minuend for a subtract operation. 202 second operand data from the second operand conglomerate register 220 of the registers 990 (where a register may be a hardware register, a location in a register file, or a memory location) with registers conforming to the corresponding fields of the bounded floating-point format 100 for an addition operation and the subtrahend for a subtract operation. 210 first operand is the conglomerate register (where a register may be a hardware register register, a location in a register file, or a memory location) 990 with registers that contain the corresponding fields of the first operand 201 in the bounded floating-point format 100.  1A first operand sign is the conventional single bit register that holds the first operand bit register register 201 sign bit.  2A first operand is the conventional register that holds the first operand register 201 exponent register exponent.  3A first operand bound is the inventive conglomerate register that holds the first operand register register 201 bound.  4A first operand is the conventional register that holds the first operand register 201 significand register significand. 220 second operand is the conglomerate register (where a register may be a hardware register register, a location in a register file, or a memory location) 990 with registers that contain the corresponding fields of the first operand 202 in the bounded floating-point format 100.  1B second operand sign is the conventional single bit register that holds the second register bit register 202 operand sign bit.  2B second operand is the conventional register that holds the second operand register exponent register 202 exponent.  3B second operand is the inventive conglomerate register that holds the second operand bound register register 202 bound.  4B second operand is the conventional register that holds the second operand register significand register 202.  50A first operand sign is the sign bit of the first operand 201 obtained from the first operand bit S Field sign bit field of register 1A.  51A first operand is the exponent of the first operand 201 obtained from the first exponent E operand exponent E field 51 of register 2A.  52A first operand bound provides the inventive bound for the first operand 201 obtained from B the first operand bound B Field 52 of register 3A.  53A first operand is the significand of the first operand 201 obtained from the first significand T operand significand T Field of register 4A.  50B second operand sign is the sign bit of the second operand 202 obtained from the second bit S Field operand sign bit S Field of register 1B.  51B second operand is the exponent of the second operand 202 obtained from the second exponent E operand exponent E Field of register 2B.  52B second operand provides the inventive error bound B Field 52 of the second operand bound B obtained from the second operand bound register 3B.  53B second operand is the significand of the second operand 202 obtained from the significand T second operand significand T Field of register 4B. 230 first significand is the conventional circuit that selects the significand T of the swap multiplexer operand with the smallest value 53D from either the first operand significand T 53A or the second operand significand T 53B controlled by the largest value control 302. 231 second significand is the conventional circuit that selects the significand T of the swap multiplexer operand with the largest value 53E from either the first operand significand T 53A or the second operand significand T 53B controlled by the largest value control 302.  53D significand T of the is the significand T of the operand with the smallest value that is operand with the modified by the insertion of the hidden bit H 510 with the modified smallest value significand left justified.  53E significand T of the is the significand T of the operand with the largest value that is operand with the modified by the insertion of the hidden bit H 510 with the modified largest value significand left justified. 240 alignment shifter is the conventional circuit that shifts the significand T of the operand with the smallest value 53D to the right by the number of bits determined by the exponent difference 321. In addition, this may shift out bits and the associated bound must be adjusted (see FIG. 4, Dominant Bound Circuit). Bits shifted out of the end of the alignment shifter 242 are re-inserted into the least significant bit of the result of the alignment shifter. 241 aligned significand is the aligned significand T of the operand with the smallest exponent E. 242 alignment shift loss is a one bit shifted out of the alignment shifter 240. When this occurs, a one bit is re-inserted into the aligned significand E 241 ensuring that a significand excess 741 will be detected. 250 significand adder is the conventional circuit that calculates the sum or difference 251 of the aligned significand E 241 and the significand T of the operand with the largest value 53E. This is an exemplary circuit that represents a conventional arithmetic circuit that calculates arithmetic functions such as multiply, divide, square root, or other arithmetic functions. 251 sum or difference is the resulting aligned significand 241 and the significand T of the operand with the largest value 53E produced by the exemplary significand adder 250. This is an exemplary result that represents the result of arithmetic functions such as multiply, divide, square root, or other arithmetic functions.  51C result exponent E is the final value of the exponent after normalization adjustment.  52C result bound B is the inventive bound to be included in the final result.  53C truncated resulting is the truncated resulting significand after normalization. (See FIG. significand T 7.). 260 calculated result is the final calculated result as the concatenation of the result sign bit S 50C, the result exponent E 51C, the inventive result bound B 52C, and the truncated resulting significand T 53C. 261 BFP zero is the standard floating-point representation of zero with the bound B set to zero. 270 exception and result selects the bounded floating-point result 280 from either the multiplexer calculated result 260, or BFP zero 261 based on the inventive zero selection control signal 860. 280 bounded floating- is the final value stored in the final inventive bounded floating-point point result result register 285 of the registers 990 (where register may be a hardware register, a location in a register file, or a memory location) of the operation, a bounded floating-point value or zero. 285 final result register is a register of the registers 990 (where register may be a hardware register, a location in a register file, or a memory location) containing the inventive bounded floating-point result 280. 290 sign circuit is the conventional circuit that determines the result sign bit S 50C from the first operand sign bit S 50A and the second operand sign bit S 50B and the right shift control 702 (the effect on the sign after subtraction).  50C result sign bit S is the sign of the calculated result 260.

FIG. 3 300 exponent circuit is the conventional circuit that calculates the exponent difference 321 and identifies the largest value control 302. 301 value comparator is the conventional circuit that compares the first operand value E, T 51A, 53A with the second operand value E, T 51B, 53B to determine the largest value control 302. 302 largest value control is the control signal identifying the largest of the first operand value E,T 51A, 53A or the second operand value E,T 51B, 53B and controls the first and second significand swap multiplexers 230, 231, the largest and smallest exponent selection multiplexers 310, 311, and the inventive first and second bound swap multiplexers 401, 402. 310 largest exponent is the conventional circuit that selects either the largest exponent E selection 51D from first operand exponent E 51A or the second operand multiplexer exponent 51B controlled by the largest value control 302. 311 smallest exponent is the conventional circuit that selects either the smallest exponent E selection 51E from the first operand exponent E 51A or the second operand multiplexer exponent E 51B controlled by the largest value control 302.  51D largest exponent E is the largest of the first operand exponent E 51A and the second operand exponent E 51B determined by largest value control 302.  51E smallest exponent E is the smallest of the first operand exponent E 51A and the second operand exponent E 51B determined by largest value control 302. 320 exponent subtractor is the conventional circuit that calculates the exponent difference 321 between the largest exponent E 51D and the smallest exponent E 51E. 321 exponent difference is the magnitude of the difference between the first operand exponent E 51A and the second operand exponent E 51B and controls the alignment shifter 240. In this invention the exponent difference is also used unconventionally by the lost bits subtractor 410 by subtracting the exponent difference 321 from the smallest operand bound lost bits D 54A to produce the adjusted bound B of the operand 52F. (See FIG. 4.)

FIG. 4 400 dominant bound is a newly invented circuit that uses the first operand bound B 52A, circuit the second operand bound B 52B, the largest value control 302, and the exponent difference 321 to determine the dominant bound B 52H. In an arithmetic operation, the operand with the least number of significant digits after exponent alignment determines (“dominates”) the initial number of significant digits of input operands. 401 first bound swap is a newly invented circuit that selects either the smallest operand multiplexer bound B 52D from first operand bound B 52A or the second operand bound B 52B controlled by the largest value control 302. 402 second bound swap is a newly invented circuit that selects either the largest operand multiplexer bound B 52E from the first operand bound B 52A or the second operand bound B 52B controlled by the largest value control 302.  52D smallest operand is the inventive bound of the operand with the smallest operand. bound B  52E largest operand is the inventive bound of the operand with the largest operand. bound B  54A smallest operand is the inventive lost bits D field of the smallest operand bound B bound lost bits D 52D.  55A smallest operand is the inventive accumulated rounding error field N of the smallest bound accumulated operand bound B 52D. rounding error N 410 lost bits subtractor is a newly invented circuit that subtracts the exponent difference 321 from the smallest operand bound lost bits D 54A producing the adjusted smallest operand bound lost bits D 54B.  54B adjusted smallest is the inventive smallest operand bound lost bits D 54A adjusted by operand bound lost the exponent difference 321 to account for the increase in the bits D significant bits of the operand with the smallest operand bound B 52D due to exponent alignment. Significand realignment to match exponents decreases the number of lost bits in that significand. 420 lost bits clamp is a newly invented circuit that prohibits the lost bits of the adjusted bound D 54B of the smallest operand bound B 52D from underflowing to less than zero when the lost bits subtractor 410 produces a negative value for the adjusted smallest operand bound lost bits D 54B. This limits the clamped lost bits D 54G to zero or greater.  54G clamped lost bits D is the adjusted smallest operand bound lost bits D limited to zero or greater.  52F adjusted bound B of is the concatenation of the clamped lost bits D 54G and the smallest the smallest operand bound accumulated rounding error N 55A. operand 430 bound comparator is a newly invented circuit that compares the largest operand bound B 52E to the adjusted bound B of the smallest operand 52F to determine the dominant bound selection control 431. 431 dominant bound is the control signal for the dominant bound multiplexer 440 to select selection control the dominant bound B 52H, asserted when the largest operand bound B 52E is greater than the adjusted bound B of the smallest operand 52F. 440 dominant bound is a newly invented circuit that selects either the largest operand multiplexer bound B 52E adjusted bound B of the smallest operand 52F selected by the dominant bound selection control 431 to determine the dominant bound B 52H.  52H dominant bound B is the largest of the largest operand bound B 52E and the adjusted bound B of the smallest operand 52F. This is the bound of the operand with the least number of significant bits after alignment.

FIG. 5 500 post normalization is the format of the bounded floating-point significand adder result result format 720 after normalization. 501 virtual width of is the width v of the resulting sum or difference taking into account significand adder possible need for multiple additions necessary to accommodate extended bounded floating-point formats. 510 hidden bit H is the conventional left justified hidden bit field after normalization.  53R resulting is the conventional resulting significand after normalization. This normalized result is truncated (round to zero) to form the final result significand significand T T 53R. This field is t 104 bits in width.  57R resulting rounding is a field (of width r 108) holding the most significant bits of the bits R Field resulting significand that are lost due to truncation. These bits are used inventively to accumulate rounding error.  60R extended rounding is a field (of width x 502) holding the bits of the result lost due to error X Field truncation, which is to the right of the R Field 57R in the format. These bits provide something similar to the conventional “sticky bit.” 502 extended rounding is the virtual width, x, of the X Field 60R. error width x

FIGS. 6A and 6B 600 main bound circuit is the inventive aggregate circuit that calculates the result bound B 52C from the dominant bound B 52H, the carry adjusted bound B 52M, the number of leading zeros 711, and the significand capacity 805.  54C dominant bound is the lost bits D Field 54 of the dominant bound B 52H. lost bits D  55B dominant bound is the accumulated rounding error N Field 55 of the dominant bound accumulated B 52H. rounding error N 610 lost bits adder is the inventive circuit that adds the number of leading zeros 711 to the dominant bound lost bits D 54C to obtain the adjusted lost bits D 54D clamped to t 104 or less. When a significand is shifted left to normalize (cancellation), insignificant bits are shifted in from the right increasing the number of lost bits in the result.  54D adjusted lost bits D is the dominant bound lost bits D 54C adjusted by the number of leading zeros 711, the number of bits shifted left during normalization. The adjusted lost bits cannot exceed the width t 104 of the significand field T 53. 616 max lost bits is the newly invented maximum lost bits detector that determines detector 1 when the adjusted lost bits D 54D is greater than the significand capacity 805. This controls the 1^(st) lost bits selector 615. 617 max lost bits 1 is the signal indicating that the adjusted lost bits 54D is greater than the significand capacity 805 indicating that there are no significant bits. This controls the 1^(st) lost bits selector 615. 615 1^(st) lost bits selector is a newly invented circuit that prohibits the lost bits of the adjusted bound D 54D from exceeding the significand capacity 805. When the max lost bits detector 616 is asserted the resulting lost bits D 54H is constrained to the significand capacity 805 indicating that the significand contains no significant digits otherwise the resulting lost bits D 54H is set to the adjusted lost bits D 54D.  54H resulting lost bits D is the adjusted lost bits D 54D constrained to the significand capacity 805 controlled by max lost bits 1 617 signal indicating that the significand contains no significant digits.  52J cancellation is the concatenation of the adjusted lost bits D 54D and the dominant adjusted bound B bound accumulated rounding error N 55B. 620 cancellation is the inventive circuit that asserts cancelation control 621 when detector circuit there is cancellation by determining that the number of leading zeros 711 is greater than one. 621 cancellation control is the control signal indicating that cancellation has occurred as determined by the cancellation detector circuit 620 controlling the result of the result bound multiplexer 630. 630 result bound is the inventive circuit that selects either the cancellation adjusted multiplexer bound B 52J or the carry adjusted bound B 52M depending on whether cancellation occurred (cancellation control 621). This determines the result bound B 52C. 640 rounding error is the inventive circuit that adds the significand excess 741 and the adder normalized rounding error R 57A to the dominant bound B 52H yielding the rounding error sum B 52K.  52K rounding error sum is the bound calculated by the rounding error adder 640 by adding B the significand excess 741 and the normalized rounding error R 57A to the dominant bound B 52H as a single value with carries from the rounding bits field R 57 of accumulated rounding error field N 54 adding to the rounding error count field C 56 with further carries from the rounding error count field C 56 adding to the lost bits field D 54 of the dominant bound B 52H.  54K updated is the extension count 56 C field of the accumulated rounding error accumulated 55 N field of the rounding error sum B 52K. rounding error extension count C 680 count logarithm is the inventive circuit that determines the rounding count logarithm circuit 61 for the updated accumulated rounding error extension count C 54K.  61 rounding count is the floor function of the base 2 logarithm of the updated logarithm accumulated rounding error extension count C 54K. 650 log count is the inventive circuit that compares the dominant bound lost bits D comparator 54C to the rounding count logarithm 61 to produce the count overflow 651. 651 count overflow is asserted by the count comparator 650 when the rounding count logarithm 61 is greater than or equal to the dominant bound lost bits D 54C. The count overflow controls the adjusted bound multiplexer 670 and provides input to the lost bits incrementor 660, 660 lost bits is the inventive circuit that adds one to the dominant bound lost bits incrementer D 54C when the count overflow 651 is asserted.  54E incremented lost is the dominant bound lost bits D 54C adjusted by the count bits D overflow 651. 661 max lost bits is the newly invented second maximum lost bits that detects when detector 2 the incremented lost bits 54E is greater than the significand capacity 805 contributing to the second lost bits selector 665. 662 max lost bits 2 is the signal indicating that the incremented lost bits 54E is greater than the significand capacity 805 indicating that there are no significant bits indicated in the dominant bound 52H while controlling the second lost bits selector 665. 665 2nd lost bits is a newly invented circuit that prohibits the incremented lost bits D selector 54E from exceeding the significand capacity 805. When the lost bits incrementer 660 produces a value greater than the significand capacity 805 the clamped incremented lost bits D 54J is constrained to the significand capacity 805 indicating that the significand contains no significant digits.  54J clamped is the clamped incremented lost bits D 54E constrained to the incremented lost significand capacity 805 indicating that the significand contains no bits D significant digits.  52L lost bits adjusted is the bound comprised of the concatenation of the clamped bound B incremented lost bits D 54J and a zero for the value of the accumulated rounding error field N 55 and the updated accumulated rounding error rounding bits R 57B. This adds one to the lost bits when the logarithm of the number of bits lost due to rounding equals the current number of lost bits.  57B updated is the rounding bits 57 R field of the accumulated rounding error 55 accumulated N field of the rounding error sum B 52K. rounding error rounding bits 670 adjusted bound is the inventive circuit that selects either the lost bits adjusted bound multiplexer B 52L, when count overflow 651 is asserted, or the rounding error sum B 52K producing the carry adjusted bound B 52M.  52M carry adjusted is the bound adjusted for potential rounding error selected between bound B the rounding error sum B 52K and the lost bits adjusted bound B 52L.

FIG. 7 700 normalization is the modified conventional compound circuit that produces the circuit truncated resulting T 53C, the result exponent E 51C, the number of leading zeros 711, the significand excess 741, and the carry detection 701 from the sum or difference 251 and the largest exponent E 51D. This circuit inventively also provides number of leading zeros 711 to the inventive main bound circuit 600 and the inventive exception circuit 800. In addition it contains the inventive circuit, the excess significance detector circuit 740. 701 carry detection is the conventional circuit that determines whether the sum or difference 251 had a carry out requiring a right shift to normalize and establishes the right shift control 702 and contributes to the exponent normalization adder 730. 702 right shift control is the conventional circuit that controls whether the sum or difference 251 must be shifted right to normalize the significand. Controls the right shifter 703. 703 right shifter is the modified conventional circuit that, when indicated by the right shift control 702, shifts the sum or difference 251 right one bit producing the right shift result 704. It is modified by the addition of the inventive right shift loss circuit 705. 704 right shift result is the result after normalizing the sum or difference 251 determined by the right shift control 702. When the right shift control 702 is not asserted the right shift result 704 is equal to the sum or difference 251. 705 right shift loss is the inventive circuit that, when a one bit (a true bit) is shifted out circuit of the right shift result 704, a one bit is inserted into the right shift result 704 ensuring that a significand excess 741 will be detected. 710 most significant is the extended conventional circuit that counts most significant zeros zeros counter of the sum or difference 251 necessary to normalize by shifting left. Produces the number of leading zeros 711 to control the left shifter 712 and to contribute to the computation of the result exponent E 51C. In addition, it inventively contributes to the main bound circuit 600 by providing the input to the cancellation detector circuit 620 and the input to the exception circuit 800 by providing input to the significant zeros detector 830. 711 number of leading is the number of most significant leading zeros. Controls the left zeros shifter 712 and the cancellation detector circuit 620 and provides input to the significant zeros detector 830. 712 left shifter is the conventional normalization circuit that shifts the right shift result 704 left the number of bits specified by number of leading zeros 711 required to normalize the right shift result 704 to produce the normalized result 720. If the most significant zeros counter 710 results in no leading zeros, the normalized result 720 is equal to the right shift result 704 and can be no greater than the significand width t 104. 720 normalized result is the result of normalizing the sum or difference 251. 730 exponent is the conventional circuit that adjusts the largest exponent E 51D for normalization adder normalization. When the right shift control 702 is asserted one is added to the largest exponent E 51D; otherwise the number of leading zeros 711 is subtracted from the largest exponent E 51D. Either case produces the result exponent E 51C.  57A normalized is the inventive most significant r bits 108 of the normalized result rounding error R 720 that are lost due to truncation.  60A normalized is the x 502 inventive bits of the normalized result 720 to the right of extension X the normalized rounding error R 57A created by alignment or normalization but lost due to truncation. 740 excess significand creates the logical OR of all bits of the normalized extension X 60A detector circuit producing the significand excess 741. 741 significand excess is the logical OR of all bits of the normalized extension X 60A and contributes to the rounding error sum 52K.

FIG. 8 800 exception circuit is the inventive aggregate circuit that determines zero control signal 860 from the significand capacity 805 from the significand capacity memory circuit 820, the dominant bound lost bits D 54C, the bound limit 54M from the bound limit memory 810 and the number of leading zeros 711. This circuit also generates an sNaN(isb) exception 940 derived from the bound limit 54M from the bound limit memory 810 and the operand bound lost bits 54F under program control of the processor error limit set/check command 901. 810 bound limit provides the maximum allowed lost bits; the bound limit 54M as set memory by the processor error limit set/check command 901 to the value determined by the maximum lost bits 54.  54M bound limit is the maximum allowed lost bits for the specified operation width control 902 and is utilized by the sNaN detection comparator 850 to determine the sNaN(isb) exception 940 and by the significant bits subtractor 840 to provide the zero selection control signal 860 indicating that the current result is significantly zero. 820 significand capacity is an inventive static memory that provides the size of the significand memory circuit (t + 1), significand capacity 805 for the width of the current operation. Memory is addressed by the operation width control 902. 805 significand capacity is the number of bits representing the significand (t + 1), including the hidden bit H 510, in the operands of the current bounded floating- point operation. 840 significant bits determines the available significant bits 841 by subtracting the subtractor dominant bound lost bits D 54C from the significand capacity 805. 841 available significant is the number of significant bits available from the operands after bits exponent alignment determined by subtracting the dominant bound lost bits D 54C from the significand capacity 805. 830 significant zeros is the new and unique device that compares the available significant detector bits 841 to the number of leading zeros 711 to produce significant leading zeros detected 831. 831 significant leading is the signal indicating that significant leading zeros have been zeros detected detected, but not necessarily a significant result. This is used by the significantly zero detection circuit 861 to determine if the result is significantly zero to generate the zero-selection control signal 860. 861 significantly zero is the newly invented circuit that assert the zero-sei ection control detector signal 860 when there are significant leading zeros detected 831 and there are significant digits 871. 870 significant digits is the newly invented circuit that asserts the significant digits signal detector 871 when the dominant bound lost bits D 54C is less than or equal to the bound limit 54M indicating that the dominant bound B 52H contains significant digits. 871 significant digits is a signal that indicates that the dominant bound B 52H contains significant digits. 860 zero selection is the signal provided to the exception and result multiplexer 270 to control signal select zero as the bounded floating-point result 280.  54F operand bound lost is the data in the lost bits D Field 54 portion of the first operand bits D bound B 52A of the operand selected by the error limit set/check command 901. 850 sNaN detection recognizes the error limit set/check command 901 and produces the comparator sNaN(isb) exception 940 when operand bound lost bits D 54F is greater than the bound limit 54M.

FIG. 9 900 bounded floating- is a system for computing numbers in bounded floating-point format point system consisting of a main processing unit 910 with associated registers 990 and communicating with a bounded floating-point unit (BFPU) 950. The bounded floating-point unit 950 may be integrated with a physical conventional floating-point unit sharing registers and logical circuits with the conventional floating-point unit or the integrated floating-point unit may be integrated with a conventional main processing unit 910 sharing registers 990 and logical circuits with the conventional main processing unit 910. 901 error limit set/check is the command from the main processing unit 910 storing the command command specified maximum lost bits D 54L for the current instruction width in the bound limit memory 810 and commanding an error limit check that generates an sNaN(sig) 940 by comparing against the lost bits 54F of the specified operand 201. Note that an error limit set/check command against an operand with no lost bits only sets the bound limit memory for succeeding instructions such as subtract operations when testing for equality. 902 operation width is a signal provided by the processor indicating the width of the control current bounded floating-point operation in the form of an address. 910 main processing executes internal instructions accessing data 201, 202, 831, 280 from, unit and to, a plurality of registers 990 (where a register may be a hardware register, a location in a register file, or a memory location that may be an integral part of the main processing unit 910) and outputs or executes floating-point or bounded floating-point commands 831, 901 and outputs or utilizes the data, the first operand 201, the second operand 202, and the programmed bound limit 831. 930 bounded floating- a bounded floating-point arithmetic instruction such as multiply, point arithmetic divide, square root, subtract, or the exemplar bounded floating-point instruction add operation.  54L maximum lost bits is the maximum number of lost bits specified by the error limit D set/check command 901 to be compared to the lost bits 54F of the specified operand 201 and when larger generates a signaling sNaN(isb) exception 940. 940 sNaN(isb) a bounded floating-point signaling NaN processor exception as exception determined by the sNaN detection comparator 810. 950 bounded floating- is the portion of the bounded floating-point system 900 that executes point unit (BFPU) bounded floating-point arithmetic instructions 930 on the first operand 201 and the second operand 202 producing the bounded floating-point result 280 or generate a sNaN(isb) exception 940, when the processing unit 910 issues a precision check command 910 and the maximum lost bits D 54L is greater than or equal to the operand bound lost bits D 54F from the first operand 201. The conceptual bounded floating-point unit may be integrated with a conventional floating-point unit sharing registers 990 and logical circuits with the conventional floating-point unit or the integrated floating-point unit may be integrated with a conventional main processing unit 910 sharing registers 990 and logical circuits with the conventional main processing unit 910. 990 registers is a plurality of registers (where a register may be a hardware register, a location in a register file, or a memory location). Provides storage for the bounded floating-point first input operand 201, the bounded floating-point second input operand 202, bounded floating- point result (280). Registers utilized by the bounded floating-point unit 950 may be integrated into the bounded floating-point unit 950 or may be part of, and integrated into, a conventional floating-point unit, or may be part of, and integrated into, the main processing unit 910. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of producing a floating-point result by use of a main processing unit (910) communicably coupled to a bounded floating-point unit (BFPU) (950); wherein said BFPU (950) comprises a bounded floating-point addition/subtraction circuit (200); and wherein said bounded floating-point addition/subtraction circuit (200) comprises a dominant bound circuit (400), a main bound circuit (600), and multiple registers that accommodate operands in a bounded floating-point format (100); wherein said bounded floating-point format (100) comprises a sign bit S Field (50), an exponent E Field (51), a bound B Field (52), and a significand T Field (53); wherein said bound field (52) comprises a lost bits D Field (54) and an accumulated rounding error N Field (55); and wherein said accumulated rounding error N Field (55) comprises a rounding error count C Field (56) and a rounding bits R Field (57); the method comprising: receiving, by said BFPU (950) a floating-point arithmetic instruction (930) and a bound limit selection instruction (830, 832); calculating, by said BFPU (950), a calculated result (260) value from applying an operation of said floating-point arithmetic instruction (930) on said first operand (201) and said second operand (202); calculating, by said BFPU (950), said bounded floating-point result (280); and writing by said BFPU (950) said bounded floating-point result (280) value to one of said multiple registers.
 2. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 1, further comprising calculating, by said dominant bound circuit (400), a dominant bound B (5211) for use by said main bound circuit (600).
 3. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 2, wherein said main bound circuit (600) comprises a lost bits adder (610) and a result bound multiplexer (630).
 4. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 3, the method further comprising calculating, by said lost bits adder (610), an adjusted lost bits D (54D) that contributes to a cancellation adjusted bound B (52J), wherein said cancellation adjusted bound B (52J) comprises an accumulated cancellation error.
 5. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 4, the method further comprising: generating, by said result bound multiplexer (630), a result bound B (52C) by selecting between said cancellation adjusted bound B (52J) and a carry adjusted bound B (52M); wherein: said carry adjusted bound B (52M) comprises an accumulated rounding error bound; and said result bound B (52C) comprises an error bound value.
 6. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 1, wherein said dominant bound circuit (400) comprises a first bound swap multiplexer (401) for selecting from either a first operand bound B (52A) or a second operand bound B (52B) to generate a smallest operand bound B (52D).
 7. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 1, wherein said dominant bound circuit (400) comprises a second bound swap multiplexer (402); further comprising selecting, by said second bound swap multiplexer (402), from either a second operand bound B (52B) or a first operand bound B (52A) to generate a largest operand bound B (52E).
 8. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 1, wherein said dominant bound circuit (400) comprises a second bound swap multiplexer (402) and a lost bits subtractor circuit (410); the method further comprising: selecting, by said second bound swap multiplexer (402), from either a second operand bound B (52B) or a first operand bound B (52A) to generate a largest operand bound B (52E); and subtracting, by said lost bits subtractor circuit (410), an exponent difference (321) from a smallest exponent operand bound lost bits D (54A) to produce an adjusted smallest exponent operand bound lost bits D (54B).
 9. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 1, wherein said dominant bound circuit (400) comprises a dominant bound multiplexer (440); the method further comprising selecting, by said dominant bound multiplexer (440) a dominant bound B (5211) from either a largest operand bound B (52E) or a clamped bound B (52G).
 10. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 1, wherein: said bounded floating-point addition/subtraction circuit (200) further comprises an exception circuit (800); and said exception circuit (800) comprises a sNaN detection comparator (810), a zero-detection comparator (820), and a total lost bits adder circuit (840).
 11. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 10, the method further comprising: adding, by said total lost bits adder circuit (840), a dominant bound lost bits D (54C) to a number of leading zeros (711) to produce a total lost bits (841).
 12. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 10, the method further comprising outputting, by said zero detection comparator (820), a zero selection control (821) when a total lost bits D (841) is greater than or equal to a significand capacity (805), wherein said total lost bits D (841) comprises the total number of bits lost during normalization due to cancellation.
 13. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 1, wherein said bound limit selection instruction (830, 832) comprises one of: a bound limit memory default reset control (832) instruction and a limit write control (830) instruction to set a programmed bound limit (831) value.
 14. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 1, wherein said main bound circuit (600) comprises a rounding error adder (640), a count comparator (650), a lost bits incrementer (660), and an adjusted bound multiplexer (670).
 15. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 14, the method further comprising adding, by said rounding error adder (640), a significand excess (741) and a normalized rounding error R (57A) to a dominant bound B (5211) yielding a count adjusted bound B (52K).
 16. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 14, the method further comprising comparing, by a count comparator (650), an updated accumulated rounding error extension count C (54K) to a lost bits power (61) to produce a count overflow (651).
 17. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 14, the method further comprising adding, by said lost bits incrementer (660), one to a dominant bound lost bits D (54C) when a count overflow (651) is asserted.
 18. The method of producing a floating-point result as recited in claim 14, the method further comprising selecting, by said adjusted bound multiplexer (670), either a lost bits adjusted bound B (52L) when a count overflow (651) is asserted or a count adjusted bound B (52K) producing a carry adjusted bound B (52M). 